E-Prosiding Persidangan Serantau Manasik Haji 2025 (MANASIK2025)

MANASIK2025 Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-8 Oktober 2025 643 4. Escalation Protocols. AI systems should include a “no - answer” or “refer -to- scholar” function when queries exceed confidence thresholds. This preserves the primacy of human judgment. 5. Capacity-Building for Scholars. Training programs should equip muftis and fatwa officers with digital literacy skills, enabling them to supervise AI systems effectively and critically evaluate their outputs. Future Research Directions While this study provides a conceptual framework, further research is required in several areas: 1. Empirical Studies with Pilgrims. Surveys and focus groups could explore pilgrims’ trust in AI-driven fatwa systems, their expectations, and their concerns. Understanding user perceptions is essential for adoption. 2. Prototyping and Technical Evaluation. Pilot AI systems using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) should be developed with curated corpora of Malaysian fatwa and Muzakarah resolutions. Systematic testing could measure accuracy, hallucination rates, and user satisfaction. 3. Comparative Jurisdictional Studies. Research in other Muslim-majority countries (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Indonesia) could examine how differing fatwa governance structures affect the feasibility of AI-driven fatwa. This would help assess the global adaptability of the proposed framework. 4. Longitudinal Impact Assessment. Future studies should evaluate the long-term effects of AI- driven fatwa on scholarly authority, public trust, and compliance. This would determine whether automation strengthens or weakens institutional legitimacy. 5. Integration with Broader Digital Hajj Platforms. Research could investigate how AI fatwa tools might integrate with existing systems like Saudi Arabia’s Nusuk platform, creating seamless user experiences that combine logistics with religious guidance. Closing Reflection Hajj and ʿUmrah represent profoundly spiritual journeys where errors in ritual practice can carry significant religious and emotional consequences. The increasing complexity of modern pilgrimage, combined with the immediacy of digital culture, generates demand for accessible, real-time guidance. AI technologies, if carefully governed, can help meet this demand-but only as servants of Sharīʿah , never its replacement. This study underscores that Sharīʿah -compliant AI is not simply a technological project but a governance endeavor, requiring collaboration between jurists, institutions, and technologists. By embedding maqāṣid al - sharīʿah and respecting Malaysia’s fatwa structures, AI -driven fatwa can evolve into a supportive mechanism that empowers pilgrims while safeguarding the sanctity of religious authority. REFERENCES 24. Ab Rahim, S. F., Ab Rahman, M. F., Abdullah Thaidi, H. A., Nik Mohd Azimi, N. N. M., & Jailani, M. R. (2025). Artificial Intelligence for Fatwa Issuance: Guidelines and Ethical Considerations. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research. Advance online publication 25. Adil, M. A. M. (2021). Standardisation of fatwa in Malaysia: Issues, concerns and expectations. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 6(2), Article 331 26. Alwi, N. H. M., & Azizan, N. (2018). A study on ICT in fatwa management in Malaysia. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 2 (1), 115 – 131 . https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol2no1.120 27. Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al-Shariah as philosophy of Islamic law: A systems approach . International Institute of Islamic Thought