E-Prosiding Persidangan Serantau Manasik Haji 2025 (MANASIK2025)

MANASIK2025 Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-8 Oktober 2025 636 METHODOLOGY Research Design This study adopts a qualitative doctrinal research design . Doctrinal research, focuses on analyzing authoritative legal texts, statutes, and jurisprudential sources to identify principles, interpretive methods, and their application to contemporary issues (McConville & Chui, 2017). In Islamic legal scholarship, doctrinal methods are complemented by uṣūl al -fiqh , which provide the epistemological and methodological rules for deriving rulings. This dual approach-doctrinal and jurisprudential-is particularly appropriate for examining the potential of AI-driven fatwa automation, since the subject lies at the intersection of Sharīʿah law , Malaysian legal-procedural frameworks , and emerging technologies . The research is primarily qualitative because it seeks to interpret texts, governance frameworks, and fatwa rulings rather than quantify user perceptions or measure system performance. While future empirical testing of AI-fatwa systems may require mixed methods, the present study is conceptual and normative in scope. Data Collection Methods Data were collected from three main sources: 1. Sharīʿah and uṣūl al -fiqh sources. Primary texts (Qurʾān, Sunnah, and classical fiqh manuals) and secondary commentaries on fatwa theory were reviewed to establish the conditions of valid fatwa issuance. Works such as al- Ghazālī’s al- Mustaṣfā and modern expositions like Kamali (2003) provided jurisprudential grounding. 2. Malaysian fatwa governance documents. Statutory instruments, such as the Administration of Islamic Law Enactments in Malaysian states, and official portals like e-Fatwa and i-FIQH , were examined to understand the institutional structures governing fatwa authority. Reports and resolutions from the Muzakarah Haji Kebangsaan, facilitated by Lembaga Tabung Haji, were included to capture recurring Hajj-specific issues. 3. Scholarly and policy literature on AI. Academic articles on AI risks, generative AI hallucination, and algorithmic accountability (e.g., Ji et al., 2022; Raji et al., 2020) were analyzed to identify parallels between secular AI governance principles and Sharīʿah -based accountability requirements. Documentary sources were retrieved through academic databases (Scopus, Web of Science, JSTOR), official government and institutional websites, and curated legal/fiqh repositories. Where possible, official gazetted texts were prioritized over secondary reporting to ensure authenticity. Sampling Techniques Because the study does not involve human participants but rather focuses on textual and documentary analysis, purposive sampling was applied to the selection of documents (Palinkas et al., 2015). Three criteria guided inclusion: 1. Authoritativeness. Only sources formally recognized by Sharīʿah scholarship (e.g., canonical fiqh texts) or the Malaysian state (e.g., gazetted fatwa, TH resolutions) were included. 2. Relevance. Documents had to directly address either fatwa issuance, Hajj/ʿUmrah rulings, or AI governance.