E-Prosiding Persidangan Serantau Manasik Haji 2025 (MANASIK2025)

MANASIK2025 Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-8 Oktober 2025 637 3. Recency (for AI literature). To reflect the rapid evolution of AI, only works published in the last 10 – 15 years were selected, with emphasis on studies since 2020 when generative AI models became more prominent. This selective approach ensures that the analysis remains grounded in authoritative Islamic sources while engaging with contemporary technological and governance debates. Data Analysis Approach The study employed thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), adapted to doctrinal research. Texts were coded into thematic categories aligned with the study’s research objectives: • Conditions for valid fatwa issuance (jurisprudential and procedural). • Recurrent issues in Hajj/ʿUmrah fatwa (e.g., dam, sequencing, women’s rulings, health concessions). • Potential and risks of generative AI (opportunities, hallucination, erosion of accountability). • Maqāṣid al - Sharīʿah safeguards (protection of dīn, nafs, ʿaql, ʿird, māl). Coding was manual and interpretive, reflecting the qualitative nature of the study. Themes were compared across sources (e.g., contrasting classical uṣūl with Malaysian legal enactments) to identify points of convergence and divergence. This iterative process facilitated the development of a hybrid conceptual model where AI operates within Sharīʿah and state -aligned parameters. To address the AI dimension, concepts from computer science and governance were translated into Islamic legal- ethical equivalents. For instance, the idea of “audit trails” in AI governance (Raji et al., 2020) was mapped onto the Sharīʿah concept of account ability ( masʾūliyyah ). Similarly, “retrieval - augmented generation” was evaluated against istidlāl requirements in fatwa. Ethical Considerations Although the study did not involve human subjects, several ethical considerations were observed: 1. Respect for religious authority. The research explicitly acknowledges that AI cannot replace human muftis, aligning with the principle that fatwa authority rests with qualified scholars under Malaysian law. 2. Representation accuracy. Care was taken to avoid misquoting or decontextualizing Sharīʿah texts and Malaysian fatwa rulings. Where interpretive ambiguity existed, multiple sources were cross-checked. 3. Avoidance of technological overclaim. In line with AI ethics guidance (Floridi et al., 2018), the study avoids portraying AI as a definitive problem-solver but rather as a supportive tool subject to human oversight. 4. Cultural sensitivity. The analysis was framed within the Malaysian context, mindful of the diversity of madhāhib in global Muslim practice and the need to avoid generalizations. By embedding these ethical commitments, the research aligns with both academic standards of integrity and Sharīʿah -based values of honesty ( ṣidq ) and trust ( amānah ). Limitations of the Methodology Several methodological limitations must be acknowledged: