E-Prosiding Persidangan Serantau Manasik Haji 2025 (MANASIK2025)

MANASIK2025 Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-8 Oktober 2025 635 and ʿaql . Conversely, potential benefits such as providing real-time guidance during health crises in Hajj, reducing anxiety, and minimizing financial loss through proper compensatory practices ( dam ) align with the preservation of life and wealth. Applying maqāṣid ensures that the system is evaluated not merely on functional grounds but on whether it advances human well- being in line with Islamic ethical imperatives. This aligns with the study’s objective of proposing safeguards to preserve doctrinal integrity while enhancing accessibility. Technology Acceptance and Trust Models The third framework draws from Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989) and later trust- based extensions (Gefen et al., 2003). TAM posits that perceived usefulness and ease of use determine user acceptance of new technologies. However, in religious contexts, trust is a critical dimension. Studies of digital fatwa services in Malaysia show that compliance depends not only on accessibility but also on the perceived legitimacy of the issuing authority (Rosidi, 2021). Integrating TAM with trust theory highlights that even if AI-driven fatwa tools are technically accurate, pilgrims will only adopt them if they believe the system is endorsed by legitimate scholars and institutions . Thus, institutional affiliation (e.g., TH or State Mufti portals) is not peripheral but central to adoption. This theoretical perspective directly supports the study’s objective of recommending state- aligned, officially deployed platforms as the exclusive venues for AI-driven fatwa services. AI Governance and Accountability Frameworks Finally, the study draws on contemporary theories of AI governance , particularly algorithmic accountability and risk management frameworks. Raji et al. (2020) outline the need for end-to-end auditing of AI systems, including documentation of training data, evaluation protocols, and incident response. Similarly, Floridi e t al. (2018) argue for “ethics by design,” ensuring that accountability, transparency, and human oversight are embedded into AI architectures from the outset. In the religious domain, these governance models resonate with Islamic principles of ḥisbah (oversight) and collective responsibility ( farḍ kifāyah ). By incorporating audit trails, explainability features, and escalation protocols to human muftis, the study translates secular AI governance principles into a Sharīʿah -compliant setting. This supports the objective of designing a hybrid model where AI functions as a supportive tool with built-in safeguards against overreach or misuse. Integrative Theoretical Synthesis Taken together, these four frameworks- uṣūl al - fiqh, maqāṣid, TAM/trust models, and AI governance - provide a multi- layered foundation for the study. Uṣūl al -fiqh and fatwa theory establish the religious legitimacy criteria ; maqāṣid offer an ethical compass for assessing harms and benefits; TAM/trust models explain the social acceptance dynamics ; and AI governance frameworks ensure technical accountability . This integrated framework allows the study to answer its guiding questions: • How can fatwa automation respect Sharīʿah principles and Malaysian governance structures? • What safeguards ensure AI functions as a tool, not a replacement, for human scholars? • How can institutional alignment build trust and adoption among pilgrims? By situating the research within these complementary theories, the study advances beyond descriptive accounts of digital fatwa to propose a Sharīʿah -grounded, ethically informed, socially accepted, and technically auditable model for AI- driven fatwa automation in Hajj and ʿUmrah.